Alcohol, specifically ethanol, is a substance that has accompanied humanity for thousands of years. Its history dates back to the times before the beginning of civilization when our ancestors discovered that by fermenting fruit, honey, or grain, they could obtain intoxicating beverages. Since then, the production and consumption of alcoholic beverages have become an integral part of many cultures and traditions around the world.
Alcohol: Basic Classification and Risks of its Consumption
Beer
One of the oldest and most widespread alcoholic beverages is beer. The history of brewing beer dates back to ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt, where it was made from barley and wheat. Today, beer enjoys enormous popularity, and there are countless different styles and variations – from light lagers to strong and full-bodied beers with high alcohol content.
Beer, one of the world’s most popular alcoholic beverages.
Wine
Another significant alcoholic beverage is wine, which is made from fermented grape juice. The history of winemaking is almost as long as the history of civilization itself. Wine played an important role in many ancient cultures, especially in Greece and Rome. Today, wine is grown and produced all over the world, with the most renowned wine regions including France, Italy, Spain, California, and Australia.
Red wine from Alicante, Spain.
Spirits
The third group of alcoholic beverages are spirits, which are obtained by distilling fermented products. The most well-known spirits include vodka, whiskey, gin, rum, tequila, cognac, and many others. Each spirit has its specific production process, history, and characteristic properties.
Basque liqueur patxaron made from wild plums macerated in anise distillate.
Cocktails
Cocktails are an integral part of the world of alcoholic beverages and bar culture. They are alcoholic drinks prepared by mixing various ingredients such as spirits, liqueurs, wines, fruit juices, syrups, and other additives. The history of mixed drinks dates back to the 19th century when the first cocktail recipes and bars, as we know them today, began to appear.
There are hundreds, if not thousands, of different cocktails, from classics like the Manhattan or Negroni to modern and creative cocktails created by skilled bartenders. Some mixed drinks are simple and contain just a few ingredients, while others can be complex and demanding to prepare.
The preparation of mixed drinks has become a separate art and bartenders around the world compete in creativity and innovation. Many bars and restaurants specialize in cocktails and offer original and carefully crafted drinks that are a delight for both the taste buds and the eyes.
Tinto de verano. A very simple Spanish cocktail made from red wine and lemon soda.
Risks of Alcohol Consumption
I must emphasize that excessive alcohol consumption can have serious health and social consequences. Alcohol is an addictive substance and its abuse can lead to the development of addiction, damage to the liver, heart, and other organs, as well as psychological problems and social conflicts. Therefore, it is important to drink alcohol in moderation and responsibly.
Many people drink alcohol for its relaxing and stimulating effects, which can facilitate socialization and communication. Alcohol is often an integral part of celebrations, meetings with friends, or business negotiations. At the same time, however, it can also be a source of conflicts and problems, especially if consumed irresponsibly.
Alcohol has an irreplaceable place in human history and culture, but it must be approached with respect and responsibility.
Rakı is a traditional Turkish alcoholic beverage made from grapes and anise. This distilled drink, often referred to as "the Turkish national alcoholic drink," is served with water or ice. The most prized part of rakı is called "göbek." Rakı has similar counterparts, such as ouzo in Greece or arak in the Middle East.
Cognac production in Kyrgyzstan has a tradition dating back to the mid-20th century. The largest producer, Kyrgyz Konyagy, follows classic methods and offers a wide range of cognacs aged from 3 to 20 years in oak barrels. The result is drinks with a rich flavor and aroma, which successfully rival foreign cognacs. Among the most well-known brands are the seven-year-old "Kyrgyzstan" cognac and the five-year-old "Bishkek" cognac, both of which I had the chance to taste myself.
Sangria is a popular Spanish cocktail that Spaniards often enjoy at home. Authentic sangria is made by macerating fruit in wine for a long period. Sangria comes in many variations, such as traditional red, white, or cava sangria. In 1964, sangria was declared Spain's national drink.
Tinto de verano is the most popular Spanish summer cocktail, made with red wine and lemon soda. It is served in a tall glass with ice and a slice of lemon or orange. There are several variations of this drink, such as using fresh lemon juice, orange soda, or sparkling water. Although tinto de verano is very popular in Spain, it remains virtually unknown outside of the country.
Vermouth is an aromatic alcoholic beverage with a long tradition that has gained immense popularity in Spain. It is made from white wine enriched with wormwood, cinnamon, cloves, and other ingredients. Vermouth is an integral part of Spanish gastronomic culture and pairs wonderfully with local tapas. The tradition of drinking vermouth is associated with "la hora del vermut" (vermouth hour), a time spent with friends before lunch.
Patxaran is a traditional Basque liqueur with a distinctive reddish-brown color and flavor. Originally made by monks, this drink combines fruity notes of plums with a pronounced anise aroma. Patxaran is best enjoyed chilled as a digestif after a meal, but the Basques also like to sip it as an aperitif or during gatherings with friends. Although it originates from the Basque Country, it is now available in other parts of Spain as well.
Herbero is a traditional herbal liqueur from the Sierra de Mariola mountain range in the Alicante province. It is made by macerating at least four local herbs in alcohol, which gives it a distinctive flavor and color. Popular brands include Doblón Licor de Hierbas, which I had the opportunity to try myself.
Kalimotxo is a popular Basque mixed drink made from red wine and cola. It originated in 1972 at a festival in Getxo, where a group of young people sought to make cheap wine more appealing by mixing it with cola. Variations also include white or rosé wine, Spanish sparkling wine cava, or the addition of espresso. Kalimotxo is a symbol of summer, fun, and the joy of life in the Basque Country.
